Bioprinting scale-up tissue and organ constructs for transplantation

• This paper presents recent approaches in bioprinting scale-up tissues and organs.
• Vascularized tissue and organ construct bioprinting techniques are demonstrated.
• In situ bioprinting along with its translational potential are highlighted.
• Major roadblocks are discussed, and future strategies are presented.

Bioprinting is an emerging field that is having a revolutionary impact on the medical sciences. It offers great precision for the spatial placement of cells, proteins, genes, drugs, and biologically active particles to better guide tissue generation and formation. This emerging biotechnology appears to be promising for advancing tissue engineering toward functional tissue and organ fabrication for transplantation, drug testing, research investigations, and cancer or disease modeling, and has recently attracted growing interest worldwide among researchers and the general public. In this Opinion, I highlight possibilities for the bioprinting scale-up of functional tissue and organ constructs for transplantation and provide the reader with alternative approaches, their limitations, and promising directions for new research prospects.