Impact of Preoperative Anemia on Oncologic Outcomes of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Radical Nephroureterectomy

Preoperative anemia is an independent predictor of disease recurrence and cancer specific mortality. It is associated with aggressive tumor features in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy. Hemoglobin is a promising marker for patient counseling and risk stratification for additional treatment decision making.