Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis, risk factors, associated familial factors and urinary pathology among school children in Iran

AimTo estimate the prevalence of enuresis in school-age children in Iran and determine associated factors.Materials and methodsA total of 7562 children, aged 5–18 years, enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Using a standard questionnaire, data on demographic characteristics, and familial and physical conditions were obtained from the parents by interview. The ICD-10 definition of enuresis was used. In the case of enuretics, a detailed history was taken, and physical and ultrasonographic examinations, urinalysis and urine culture were performed.ResultsThe overall prevalence of enuresis was 6.8%. A significant relationship was found between the prevalence of enuresis and age (P = 0.001), educational level of parents (P = 0.001), number of family members (P = 0.028), positive family history of enuresis (P = 0.001), parenting methods (P = 0.001), and deep sleep (P = 0.001). Birth weight (P = 0.07), monthly income (P = 0.322), employment status of parents (P = 0.08), ethnic differences (P = 0.09), delayed development (P = 0.062), drinking (P = 0.072) or urination habit before sleep (P = 0.06), and stool incontinence (P = 0.062) were not significantly associated with enuresis. Prevalence of urinary tract pathology was 2.9% in enuretics.ConclusionsThis study provides a quantitative estimate of the prevalence and main risk factors for enuresis in Iranian children.