Vessel ligation training via an adaptive simulation curriculum

BackgroundA cost-effective model for open vessel ligation is currently lacking. We hypothesized that a novel, inexpensive vessel ligation simulator can efficiently impart transferrable surgical skills to novice trainees.Materials and methodsVesselBox was designed to simulate vessel ligation using surgical gloves as surrogate vessels. Fourth-year medical students performed ligations using VesselBox and were evaluated by surgical faculty using the Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills global rating scale and a task-specific checklist. Subsequently, each student was trained using VesselBox in an adaptive practice session guided by cumulative sum. Posttesting was performed on fresh human cadavers by evaluators blinded to pretest results.ResultsSixteen students completed the study. VesselBox practice sessions averaged 21.8 min per participant (interquartile range 19.5–27.7). Blinded posttests demonstrated increased proficiency, as measured by both Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills (3.23 versus 2.29, P < 0.001) and checklist metrics (7.33 versus 4.83, P < 0.001). Median speed improved from 128.2 s to 97.5 s per vessel ligated (P = 0.001). After this adaptive training protocol, practice volume was not associated with posttest performance.ConclusionsVesselBox is a cost-effective, low-fidelity vessel ligation model suitable for graduating medical students and junior residents. Cumulative sum can facilitate an adaptive, individualized curriculum for simulation training.