Ischemic preconditioning preserves mitochondrial membrane potential and limits reactive oxygen species production

BackgroundMitochondrial superoxide radical (O2
• ¯) production increases after cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) preserves mitochondrial function and attenuates O2
• ¯ production, but the mechanism is unknown. Mitochondrial membrane potential (mΔΨ) is known to affect O2
• ¯ production; mitochondrial depolarization decreases O2
• ¯ formation. We examined the relationship between O2
• ¯ production and mΔΨ during IR and IPC.Materials/methodsRat hearts were subjected to Control or IPC. Mitochondria were isolated at end equilibration (End EQ), end ischemia (End I), and end reperfusion (End RP). mΔΨ was measured using a tetraphenylphosphonium electrode. Mitochondrial O2
• ¯ production was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance using DMPO spin trap. Cytochrome c levels were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography.ResultsIPC preserved mΔΨ at End I (−156 ± 5 versus −131 ± 6 mV, P < 0.001) and End RP (−168 ± 2 versus −155 ± 2 mV, P < 0.05). At End RP, IPC attenuated O2
• ¯ production (2527 ± 221 versus 3523 ± 250 AU/mg protein, P < 0.05). IPC preserved cytochrome c levels (351 ± 14 versus 269 ± 16 picomoles/mg protein, P < 0.05) at End RP, and decreased mitochondrial cristae disruption (10% ± 4% versus 33% ± 7%, P < 0.05) and amorphous density formation (18% ± 4% versus 28% ± 1%, P < 0.05).ConclusionWe conclude that IPC preserves mΔΨ, possibly by limiting disruption of mitochondrial inner membrane. IPC also decreases mitochondrial O2
• ¯ production and preserves mitochondrial ultrastructure after IR. While it was previously held that slight decreases in mΔΨ decrease O2
• ¯ production, our results indicate that preservation of mΔΨ is associated with decreased O2
• ¯ and preservation of cardiac function in IPC. These findings indicate that the mechanism of IPC may not involve mΔΨ depolarization, but rather preservation of mitochondrial electrochemical potential.