MG-132 Inhibits Carcinoid Growth and Alters the Neuroendocrine Phenotype

BackgroundCarcinoid cancers are the most common neuroendocrine (NE) tumors, and limited treatment options exist. The inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been shown to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of carcinoid disease. In this study, we investigate the ability of MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, to inhibit carcinoid growth, the neuroendocrine phenotype, and its association with GSK-3β.Materials and MethodsHuman pulmonary (NCI-H727) and gastrointestinal (BON) carcinoid cells were treated with MG-132 (0–4μM). Cellular growth was measured by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Levels of total and phosphorylated GSK-3β and the NE markers chromogranin A (CgA), Achaete-Scute complex-like 1 (ASCL1), as well as the apoptotic markers poly (ADP-ribose), polymerase (PARP), and cleaved caspase-3 were determined by Western blot.ResultsTreating carcinoid cells with MG-132 resulted in growth inhibition, a dose-dependent inhibition of CgA and ASCL1, as well as an increase in the levels of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3. Additionally, an increase in the level of phosphorylated GSK-3β was observed.ConclusionMG-132 inhibits cellular growth and the neuroendocrine phenotype. This proteasome inhibitor warrants further preclinical investigation as a possible therapeutic strategy for intractable carcinoid disease.