IL-15 and IL-15Rα gene deletion: Effects on T lymphocyte trafficking and the microglial and neuronal responses to facial nerve axotomy

IL-15 is a potent T cell chemoattractant, and this cytokine and its unique α subunits, IL-15Rα, can modify immune cell expression of several T cell chemokines and their receptors. Facial nerve axotomy in mice leads to T cell migration across an intact blood–brain-barrier (BBB), and under certain conditions T cells can provide neuroprotection to injured neurons in the facial motor nucleus (FMN). Although chemokines and chemoattractant cytokines are thought to be responsible for T cell migration to the injured cell bodies, data addressing this question are lacking. This study tested the hypothesis that T cell homing to the axotomized FMN would be impaired in knockout (KO) mice with the IL-15 and IL-15Rα genes deleted, and sought to determine if microglial responsiveness and motoneuron death are affected. Both IL-15KO and IL-15RαKO mice exhibited a marked reduction in CD3+ T cells and had fewer MHC2+ activated microglia in the injured FMN than their respective WT controls at day 14 post-axotomy. Although there was a relative absence of T cell recruitment into the axotomized FMN in both knockout strains, IL-15RαKO mice had five times more motoneuron death (characterized by perineuronal microglial clusters engulfing dead motoneurons) than their WT controls, whereas dead neurons in IL-15KO did not differ from their WT controls. Further studies are needed to dissect the mechanisms that underlie these observations (e.g., central vs. peripheral immune contributions).