MicroRNAs in inner ear biology and pathogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a group of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. The discovery of these small RNAs has added a new layer of complexity to molecular biology. Every day, new advances are being made in understanding the biochemistry and genetics of miRNAs and their roles in cellular function and homeostasis. Studies indicate diverse roles for miRNAs in inner ear biology and pathogenesis. This article reviews recent developments in miRNA research in the field of inner ear biology. A brief history of miRNA discovery is discussed, and their genomics and functional roles are described. Advances in the understanding of miRNA involvement in inner ear development in the zebrafish and the mouse are presented. Finally, this review highlights the potential roles of miRNAs in genetic hearing loss, hair cell regeneration, and inner ear pathogenesis resulting from various pathological insults.

► MicroRNAs play a critical role in regulating the developmental process of the inner ear.
► MicroRNAs are associated with progressive hearing loss in humans.
► MicroRNAs participate in the regulatory process of hair cell differentiation during regeneration.
► MicroRNAs play a role in regulating cellular responses to inner ear stress.