The effects of carbon sources and micronutrients in fermented whey on the biodegradation of n-hexadecane in diesel fuel contaminated soil

Fermented whey has previously been shown to stimulate biodegradation of n-hexadecane in diesel contaminated soils. The proposed explanation for the stimulatory effect is that fermented whey provides easily accessible carbon and micronutrients, which give rise to an increased degrading biomass.The objective of this work has been to investigate the role of the different carbon sources and vitamins in fermented whey on the microbial degradation of n-hexadecane in soil.The effects of lactose, lactate, vitamins and free amino acids were tested in combinations according to a full factorial design experiment, at concentrations corresponding to those present in fermented whey. The target substance was 14C-labeled n-hexadecane in nutrient amended soil microcosms contaminated with 5000 mg diesel fuel kg−1 dw. Biodegradation was monitored by determination of evolved 14CO2.Significant effects on the biodegradation of n-hexadecane were observed for lactate and amino acids additions in a sandy soil. Lactate showed both an inhibitory effect in the early phase of the experiment and a stimulatory effect in the later phase. The effect of amino acids was slightly stimulatory, mainly evident as a shortening of the lag time.The degree of n-hexadecane degradation at the end of the experiment was correlated with the total concentration of organic compounds added to the soil.Scientific relevanceThere are a handful papers describing the potential of using organic amendments (often industrial by-products) with a content of both easily accessible carbon and micronutrients, to enhance the bioremediation of polluted soils. Enhanced biodegradation is often reported and the proposed explanations are that the combination of easily accessible carbon and micronutrients increases the degrading biomass.In this paper, we examine the effect of fermented whey on the degradation of n-hexadecane and correlate the observed effects on the biodegradation with the main components lactate, amino acids, lactose and B-vitamins. This has to our knowledge never been done before.