Impacts of the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil on larval fish: Time-series gene transcription responses in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) following short-term exposure

► This study investigated sublethal effects of fipronil exposure to fish larvae. ► Short-term transcriptomic responses indicated neurotoxicity at > 31 μg.L− 1. ► Delayed transcriptomic effects were observed during 6 days of recovery. ► Most pronounced endocrine effects were detected during recovery. ► Comprehensive risk assessment requires consideration of processes in time.