Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi, Beijing, China

An extensive survey was conducted in this study to determine the spatial distribution and possible sources of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi, a representative agricultural suburb in Beijing, China. A total of 412 surface soil samples were collected at a density of one sample per km2, and concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn were analyzed. The mean values of the heavy metals were 7.85 ± 2.13, 0.136 ± 0.061, 22.4 ± 6.31, 0.073 ± 0.049, 20.4 ± 5.2, and 69.8 ± 16.5 mg kg− 1 for As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, respectively, slightly higher than their background values of Beijing topsoil with the exception of Pb, but lower than the guideline values of Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils. Multivariate and geostatistical analyses suggested that soil contamination of Cd, Cu and Zn was mainly derived from agricultural practices. Whereas, As and Pb were due mainly to soil parent materials, and Hg was caused by the atmospheric deposits from Beijing City. The identification of heavy metal sources in agricultural soils is a basis for undertaking appropriate action to protect soil quality.

► Metal concentrations in the agricultural soils in Beijing suburb were investigated.
► Metal contamination in the soils is insignificant.
► Fertilization seems the main sources of Cd, Cu and Zn in the soils.
► Atmospheric deposition plays an important role in Hg accumulation in the soils.