Field tests of surface seals and soil treatments to reduce fumigant emissions from shank injection of Telone C35

A mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) (Telone C35) is an increasingly used fumigant product for pre-plant soil fumigation in California, USA. Atmospheric emissions of volatile organic compounds, including these important pesticides, is more heavily regulated in an effort to improve air-quality. Research has identified various methods of reducing fumigant emissions but effective and economically feasible field methods are still needed. The objective of this field study was to determine the effectiveness of several surface seal and soil treatment methods on emissions of 1,3-D and CP from shank-injected Telone C35. Treatments included control (bare surface), pre-irrigation (irrigation prior to fumigation), post-fumigation water seals with or without potassium thiosulfate (KTS) amendment, and standard high density polyethylene (HDPE) tarp over soils amended with either KTS or composted manure. The two KTS treatments resulted in the lowest fumigant emissions; but the soil surface in the treatments developed a reddish-orange color and an unpleasant odor that lasted for a few months. The pre-irrigation reduced emissions more than post-application water seals. An application of composted manure at 12.4 Mg ha− 1 spread over the soil surface followed by HDPE tarp did not reduce 1,3-D emissions compared to the bare soils in this trial, indicating that a better understanding of processes is required in order to effectively use organic amendments for minimizing fumigant emissions. Chloropicrin emissions were generally lower than 1,3-D for all treatments.