Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in inter-tidal mussel Perna perna: Space–time observations, source investigation and genotoxicity

The investigation aimed primarily at understanding the PAH record in inter-tidal mussel tissues and evaluating the bivalve performance as a bioindicator for oil contamination. The species Perna perna was used as test organism since it is abundantly distributed in coastal areas of the Americas, Africa and elsewhere. The study was carried out in Guanabara Bay and comprised two observation phases: phase one included seasonal sampling in 8 sites, whereas in phase two 4 sites were examined over 4 years. Among the 35 determined PAH (60–90 μg kg− 1 up to 4000–6000 μg kg− 1) alkylated homologues predominated by more than 80%. The PAH profile in inter-tidal mussels is largely petrogenic with high contribution of dibenzothiophenes (DBT) and phenanthrenes (Ph). The prevailing petrogenic fingerprint, confirmed by diagnostic ratios, is linked to the properties of the inter-tidal habitat, which favors exposure to oil films. C2DBT/C2Ph and C3DBT/C3Ph ratios, however, show a wide range of values uncorrelated to specific oils. Micronucleus frequencies are significantly related to PAH concentrations, especially to those of alkylated homologues. Genotoxic expression appears at concentrations as low as 300 μg kg− 1 ∑ 35 PAH.