The role of “excess” CO2 in the formation of trona deposits

The prevailing theory for the formation of trona [Na3(CO3)(HCO3) · 2(H2O)] relies on evaporative concentration of Na+-HCO3- water produced by silicate hydrolysis of volcanic rock or volcaniclastic sediments. Given the abundance of closed drainage basins dominated by volcanics, it is puzzling that there are so few trona deposits and present-day lakes that would yield dominantly Na-CO3 minerals upon evaporation. Groundwater in the San Bernardino Basin (southeastern Arizona, USA and northeastern Sonora, Mexico) would yield mainly Na-CO3 minerals upon evaporation, but waters in the surrounding basins would not. Analysis of the chemical evolution of this groundwater shows that the critical difference from the surrounding basins is not lithology, but the injection of magmatic CO2. Many major deposits of trona and Na-CO3-type lakes appear to have had “excess” CO2 input, either from magmatic sources or from the decay of organic matter. It is proposed that, along with the presence of volcanics, addition of “excess” CO2 is an important pre-condition for the formation of trona deposits.