Physically based vertical vegetation structure retrieval from ICESat data: Validation using LVIS in White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, USA

Vegetation structure retrieval accuracies from spaceborne Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) data are affected by surface topography, background noise and sensor saturation. This study uses a physical approach to remove surface topography effect from lidar returns to retrieve vegetation height from ICESat/GLAS data over slope terrains. Slope-corrected vegetation heights from ICESat/GLAS data were compared to airborne Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) (20 m footprint size) and small-footprint lidar data collected in White Mountain National Forest, NH. Impact of slope on LVIS vegetation height estimates was assessed by comparing LVIS height before and after slope correction with small-footprint discrete-return lidar and field data.Slope-corrected GLAS vegetation heights match well with 98 percentile heights from small-footprint lidar (R2 = 0.77, RMSE = 2.2 m) and top three LVIS mean (slope-corrected) heights (R2 = 0.64, RMSE = 3.7 m). Impact of slope on LVIS heights is small, however, comparison of LVIS heights (without slope correction) with either small footprint lidar or field data indicates that our scheme improves the overall LVIS height accuracy by 0.4–0.7 m in this region. Vegetation height can be overestimated by 3 m over a 15° slope without slope correction. More importantly, both slope-corrected GLAS and LVIS height differences are independent of slope. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the physical approach to remove surface topography from large footprint lidar data to improve accuracy of maximum vegetation height estimates.GLAS waveforms were compared to aggregated LVIS waveforms in Bartlett Experimental Forest, NH, to evaluate the impact of background noise and sensor saturation on vegetation structure retrievals from ICESat/GLAS. We found that GLAS waveforms with sensor saturation and low background noise match well with aggregated LVIS waveforms, indicating these waveforms capture vertical vegetation structure well. However, waveforms with large noise often lead to mismatched waveforms with LVIS and underestimation of waveform extent and vegetation height. These results demonstrate the quality of ICESat/GLAS vegetation structure estimates.

Research Highlights
► Surface topography affects lidar recorded vegetation structure.
► Topography effects on lidar data depend on the slope and viewing geometry.
► Slope and viewing geometry can be used for first order correction.
► Apply topography correction improved lidar vegetation structure accuracy over mountainous area.