Cruziana- and Rusophycus-like traces of recent Sparidae fish in the estuary of the Piedras River (Lepe, Huelva, SW Spain)

• Feeding traces of Sparidae fish are described in the Piedras Estuary (Lepe, Spain).
• Two morphotypes corresponding to two different feeding behaviours are identified.
• Morphological features allow identifying them as Cruziana- or Rusophycus-traces.
• Cruziana and Rusophycus are commonly attributed to fossil invertebrate activity.
• Neoichnology allows considering fish as possible producers of Cruziana and Rusophycus.

Modern fish are able to produce a plethora of different traces (both bioturbation and bioerosion structures) according to several behaviours, yet only five ichnotaxa have been interpreted as produced by the activity of fish in the fossil record. Many taphonomic factors may favour the non-fossilization of many of these traces and, even fossilized, they could have been misinterpreted. In this contribution, shallow and bilobed traces produced by the feeding activity of the perciform fish Diplodus vulgaris (Sparidae) in the estuary of the Piedras River (Lepe, Huelva, SW Spain) are described. Neoichnological study and comparison of these bioturbation structures with the fossil record allow associating them as Cruziana- and Rusophycus-like traces, i.e. traces with features very similar to those of such ichnogenera. Since these ichnotaxa have been commonly interpreted as the result of the locomotion and resting of different kinds of invertebrates, in order to get a better understanding of the marine and continental fossil record, we also propose taking into account fish as potential producers of this kind of traces in future paleoichnological studies.