Timing and magnitude of early Aptian extreme warming: Unraveling primary δ18O variation in indurated pelagic carbonates at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 463, central Pacific Ocean

In order to elucidate early Aptian marine paleotemperature evolution across the period of enhanced organic carbon (Corg)-burial [Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 1a], stable isotope analyses were performed on pelagic limestones at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 463, central Pacific Ocean. The δ18O data exhibit a distinct anomaly by ~ − 2‰ spanning the OAE 1a interval (i.e., a ~ 6 m-thick, phytoplanktonic Corg-rich unit constrained by magneto-, bio- and δ13C stratigraphy). Elucidation of paleotemperature significance of the δ18O shift is made by taking account of recent Sr/Ca evidence at the same section, which revealed that geochemical signals in carbonate-poor lithologies are relatively unaltered against burial diagenesis. By discriminating δ18O values from carbonate-poor samples (CaCO3 contents = 5–30 wt.%), it appears that an abrupt rise in sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) by 8 °C (= − 1.7‰ shift in δ18O) occurred immediately before OAE 1a, whereas a cooling mode likely prevailed during the peak Corg-burial. In terms of its stratigraphic relationship as to the Corg-rich interval and to a pronounced negative δ13C excursion, as well as its timescale, the observed SST rise resembles those associated with the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum and, more strikingly, Jurassic Toarcian OAE. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that these paleoenvironmental events were driven by a common causal mechanism, which was likely initiated by the greenhouse effect via massive release of CH4 or CO2 from the isotopically-light carbon reservoir and terminated by a negative productivity feedback.