The importance of Planolites in the Cambrian substrate revolution

Early Cambrian subtidal shelf substrates were characterized by low water content and steep chemical gradients, conditions likely facilitated by the presence of microbial mats as reflected by an abundance of microbially-mediated sedimentary structures in Lower Cambrian strata. Such substrate conditions would have been unfavourable for burrowing by benthic metazoans. A combination of environmental restrictions and a lack of adaptations to vertical burrowing likely prevented most benthic metazoans from burrowing infaunally in Early Cambrian subtidal shelf substrates. The eventual acquisition of burrowing adaptations by benthic metazoans later in the Cambrian promoted an increase in the depth and intensity of bioturbation and initiated a transition toward well-hydrated substrates in which extensive infaunal activity was possible.Siliciclastic units of the Lower Cambrian succession in the White–Inyo Mountains, eastern California, contain abundant horizontal bioturbation on bedding planes, as documented by bedding plane bioturbation indices, but little vertical bioturbation, as shown by ichnofabric indices and x-radiography. Planolites, a simple horizontal trace fossil, represents the dominant type of bioturbation in these units. Planolites is found in a range of diameters, indicating that more than one species of tracemaker likely produced this type of trace. Although these Planolites do not have a vertical component, their abundance on bedding planes indicates that the activities of Planolites tracemakers had a significant impact on subtidal shelf substrates, represented by Lower Cambrian units in the White–Inyo Mountains, early in the Cambrian substrate revolution.