Simulation of environmental and genetic effects on grain protein concentration in wheat

All these model responses to environmental and genetic effects were similar to expectations based on field or greenhouse studies. The close linear negative relationship between grain protein concentration and grain yield highlights the genetic limitation to increases in grain protein, which agrees well with experimental findings elsewhere. However, under combined water and N limitations, the model suggested that this negative linear relationship can become non-linear in some situations, which needs to be verified under controlled environment and field conditions.