Mean dynamic topography and eddy kinetic energy in the Mediterranean Sea: Comparison between altimetry and a 1/16 degree ocean circulation model

A high-resolution (1/16 degree) ocean general circulation model is used to estimate the mean dynamic topography (MDT) and surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the Mediterranean Sea. Model outputs based on a 12-year run with a perpetual annual atmospheric forcing are compared with the MDT and EKE derived from satellite altimetry. The model MDT is consistent with previous estimates and reproduces most of the major Mediterranean currents and eddies. In contrast, the model MDT derived from temperature/salinity climatology misses many circulation features in the Central and Levantine basins. The model EKE reproduces well the magnitudes and spatial distributions of the altimeter derived EKE, and is a significant improvement over the previous 1/8 degree model studies. However, the use of perpetual atmospheric forcing may cause some eddy features to appear more stable than characterized with high interannual variability in the altimeter EKE. The study highlights the importance of large mesoscale variability in transport processes, especially along the southern areas of the Mediterranean. The generally good agreement suggests that model simulations can be used in combination with in situ and altimeter observations to better understand the dynamics and make forecasts of the mesoscale eddies in the Mediterranean Sea.