Effect of mild winter events on soil water content beneath snowpack

The cold climate of Fennoscandia allows soils to experience ephemeral freezing and snow cover. Snowmelt impacts on runoff and solute transport, but is also one of the most important contributors to recharge of ground water reserves. The presence of a snowpack governs the length of a growing season, but limited information is available on the response of partially frozen soil to mild climatic events in winter. We studied time series of soil temperature and unfrozen soil water content during freezing cycles and mild climatic events during two climatically contrasting winters (2001–2002, 2002–2003) at five sites differing in texture and hydraulic features in Finland. Frost penetration was found to be attributable to snowpack thickness, such that soil temperatures seldom fell below − 1.5 °C, when a snow cover of more than 30 cm was present. Soil surface temperatures can fall below 0 °C and soil water freezes to 10-cm depth, but soil water is predominantly unfrozen during winter in deeper soil horizons, 30- to 90-cm depths. Water released by snowmelt during mild climatic events in winter was observed to infiltrate through partially frozen soil, hence contributing significant recharge to ground water resources.