Tungsten isotopic evolution during late-stage accretion: Constraints on Earth–Moon equilibration

We couple the results of N-body simulations of late-stage accretion (O'Brien et al., 2006) to a hafnium–tungsten (Hf–W) isotopic evolution code to investigate the evolution of planetary bodies in the inner solar system. Simulations can simultaneously produce planets having Earth- and Mars-like masses and Hf–W systematics by assuming that the tungsten partition coefficient decreases with increasing semi-major axis (e.g. due to increasing oxidation). Simulations assuming that Jupiter and Saturn occupy circular orbits are more successful at reproducing the Hf–W systematics than those assuming present-day Jupiter and Saturn orbits. To generate Earth-like tungsten anomalies, 30–80% of each impactor core is required to re-equilibrate with the target mantle. Some model outcomes yield a target and final impactor having similar (Earth- and Moon-like) tungsten anomalies. However, in no case can the inferred lunar Hf/W ratio be simultaneously matched. This result suggests that the Moon isotopically equilibrated with the Earth's mantle in the aftermath of the giant impact (cf. Pahlevan and Stevenson, 2007). Alternatively, either the dynamical models which show the Moon being derived primarily from the impactor mantle, or the accretion timescales obtained by the N-body simulations, are incorrect.