Sedimentary evolution of the Torrecilla Reef Complex in response to tectonically forced regression (Early Kimmeridgian, Northern Spain)

The early Kimmeridgian Torrecilla Reef Complex in the northern Iberian Basin of Spain consists of a fringing reef composed of eight accretionary units. The first four were deposited along a steep margin. They display down-lapping and off-lapping geometries, and are characterised by poor reef-framework development, large volumes of reworked corals and transported sediment, and limited growth of micro-encrusters. In contrast, deposition of the fifth and younger accretionary units occurred on a shallow platform without a pronounced slope where coral reefs grew in a shallow protected environment. The main features of these reefs are an absence of reef-slope facies, a high proportion of preserved framework elements, relatively low volumes of intra-reef sediment, high proportions of terrigenous material, and abundant micro-encrusters and microbialites. These reefs were protected from storm waves by long-shore sand bars, which also protected a very shallow lagoon during the last stage of sedimentation.The early Kimmeridgian was a period of rising global sea level, a trend apparent across other portions of the Iberian Basin. However, geometry and sedimentary evolution of the Torrecilla Reef Complex is consistent with those of off-lapping reefs that develop during sea-level fall. Thus, we conclude that down-stepping geometries and evolution to progressively shallower environments within the Torrecilla Reef Complex occurred as a result of a tectonically forced regression.