Toxicity impact on a plant–herbivore model with disease in herbivores

In this work, we study a predator–prey model that incorporates plant toxicity explicitly in plant–herbivore interactions. The SIS parasitic infection in herbivores is also considered in the model. Our analysis reveals that the interactions of plant toxicity and herbivore disease may bring dramatic changes on the population dynamics, suggesting that those effects cannot be ignored from the study of the ecosystem. Numerical simulations are used to support the theoretical results.