Hydrocarbon migration in the Zagros Basin, offshore Iran, for understanding the fluid flow in the Oligocene–Miocene carbonate reservoirs

Kuh-e Mond Field is a conventional heavy oil resource in the Zagros foreland Basin, Iran, produced from the fractured carbonates partially filled by dolomite, calcite, and anhydrite cement. Vitrinite reflectance data from carbonate reservoir suggest low-maturation levels corresponding to paleotemperatures as low as 50 °C. The observed maturation level (< 0.5% Rmax) does not exceed values for simple burial maturation based on the estimated burial history. Oil inclusions within fracture-filled calcite and dolomite cement indicate the key role of these fractures in oil migration.The fluid inclusion temperature profiles constructed from the available data revealed the occurrence of petroleum in dolomite, calcite, and anhydrite and characterize the distinct variations in the homogenization temperatures (Th). Fluid inclusions in syntectonic calcite veins homogenize between 22 °C and 90 °C, showing a salinity decrease from 22 to 18 eq. wt.% NaCl. Fluid inclusions in anhydrite homogenize at < 50 °C, showing that the pore fluids became warmer and more saline during burial. The Th range in the calcite-dolomite cement depicts a change in water composition; therefore, we infer these cements precipitated from petroleum-derived fluids. The microthermometry data on the petroleum fluid inclusions suggest that the reservoir was filled with heavy black oils and high-salinity waters and indicate that undersaturated oil was present in a hydrostatically pressured reservoir.The Th data do not support vertical migration of hot fluids througout the section, but extensive lateral fluid migration, most likely, drove tectonically dewatering in the south or west of the pool.