Techniques for researching L2 listeners

To assist in the research of second language (L2) listeners, especially for novice researchers in the area, this article outlines and examines techniques which can be used to study some of the key cognitive processes specific to L2 listening. The article also highlights studies which have used many of these techniques, studies which researchers may refer to in order to help guide their own listener research. Through the article, I also infuse insights from my own experiences as a developing researcher of L2 listeners to show how I have grappled personally with many of the issues involving the various techniques which are discussed. The article concludes with a brief sketch of the directions in which L2 listener research is likely heading, and lists some learner attributes and associated techniques likely to assist in those endeavours.