The application of electromagnetic fields to the control of the scaling and biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes - A review

Scaling and biofouling are two major problems in the operation of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. A variety of control measures are employed in practice, including the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMF), which can avoid the use of chemical anti-fouling agents (e.g. halogen-based biocides) that may be toxic to humans or the environment. This is a fairly recent and controversial technology and, from the available documentation and literature, it is clear that the scientific basis for its purported effectiveness is not yet firmly established, although some studies suggest that beneficial effects could be possible. In particular, the various conditions under which EMF technologies are likely to be effective for real world applications have not been scientifically established. This review collates the relevant literature on the problem of scaling and biofouling in RO membranes and heat exchangersystems (e.g. cooling towers), with a particular focus on the application of pulsed EMF technologies, including the broad documentation, relevant scientific studies, proposed mechanisms of action and further research directions. This review demonstrates that a lot more systematic scientific research is needed in order to validate the application and commercialization of EMF technologies as a pretreatment to control fouling in RO membrane systems.