Membrane recovery of alginate in an aqueous solution by the addition of calcium ions: Analyses of resistance reduction and fouling mechanism

(A) Ultrafiltration of suspension formed from aqueous sodium alginate via added Ca2+. (B) The supernatant liquid obtained by the suspension at a settling time of 12 h, was subjected to ultrafiltration. (C) The suspension was subjected to microfiltration or filtration using a filter paper.188