Turbulent heat transfer and friction factor of nanodiamond-nickel hybrid nanofluids flow in a tube: An experimental study

Turbulent heat transfer and friction factor of nanodiamond-nickel (ND-Ni) hybrid nanofluids flow in a horizontal tube has been investigated experimentally. The ND-Ni nanoparticles were synthesized using in-situ growth and chemical co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD, TEM and VSM. The hybrid nanofluids were prepared by dispersing ND-Ni hybrid nanoparticles in distilled water. The thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancements were observed as 29.39% and 23.24% at 0.3% volume concentration of hybrid nanofluid at 60 °C compared to distilled water. The heat transfer and friction factor experiments were conducted at different Reynolds numbers (3000-22,000) and particle volume concentrations (0.1% and 0.3%). The Nusselt number enhancement of 0.3% volume concentration of hybrid nanofluid is 35.43% with a friction factor penalty of 1.12-times at a Reynolds number of 22,000 compared to distilled water data. The obtained experimental Nusselt number of hybrid nanofluids was compared with other kind of hybrid nanofluids available literature. New Nusselt number and friction factor correlations were proposed based on the experimental data.