A review on cost-effectiveness analysis of agri-environmental measures related to the EU WFD: Key issues, methods, and applications

►We review cost-effectiveness studies of agri-environmental measures related to EU WFD. ►Cases from the UK, Baltic Sea countries, and central and southern Europe are examined. ►Most studies are based on 'representative' farm models and do not capture variability. ►Most studies concentrate on single effect of measures and do not include uncertainty. ►Incorporating farm variability and uncertainty will provide better decision support.