Productivity, ownership, and producer concentration in transition: Further evidence from Vietnamese manufacturing

► MNC joint ventures and SOEs were often more productive than private firms. ► Wholly foreign-MNC-to-private productivity differentials were often insignificant. ► Productivity effects of concentration were often insignificant. ► Productivity spillovers from MNCs or SOEs to private firms were often insignificant. ► Estimates varied substantially among industries and time periods.