Nickel impact on human health: An intrinsic disorder perspective

- Nickel exerts both positive and negative effects on human health.
- Nickel-binding proteins are involved in cancer and allergy.
- Nickel in microorganisms modulates their pathogenesis and the role of microbiota.
- Many nickel-binding microbial and human proteins are intrinsically disordered.
- The interplay of nickel and protein disorder that affects human health is discussed.

The interplay of the presence of nickel and protein disorder in processes affecting human health is the focus of the present review. Many systems involving nickel as either a cofactor or as a toxic contaminant are characterized by large disorder. The role of nickel in the biochemistry of bacterial enzymes is discussed here, covering both the beneficial effects of nickel in the human microbiota as well as the role of nickel-depending bacteria in human pathogenesis. In addition, the hazardous health effects caused by nickel exposure to humans, namely nickel-induced carcinogenesis and allergy, are triggered by non-specific interactions of nickel with macromolecules and formation of reactive compounds that mediate cellular damage. Cellular response to nickel is also related to signal transduction cascades. This review thus highlights the most promising systems for future studies aimed at decreasing the adverse effects of nickel on human health.

75