Lattice Boltzmann simulation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells - A review on opportunities and challenges

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are presently at the center of attention due to their major role in the fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). To simulate multi-species multi-phase flow through complicated non-homogenous and anisotropic porous media of PEM fuel cells electrodes, one of the best choices is lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) which offers several advantages. Numerous LB simulations of PEM fuel cells have been conducted in recent years. In the current study, these simulations are classified based on the simulation target into three classes and through a strict review pros and cons of simulations of each class are explained. The main research gaps are: (a) LB calculation of micro-porous layer (MPL) and catalyst layer (CL) transport properties, (b) investigation of water droplet dynamic behavior through gas channel with high density ratio LB techniques, and (c) LB simulation of multi-component multi-phase reactive flow through an operating electrode via an active approach. Since different features of LB models which are applicable for the simulation of PEM fuel cells are elucidated in the current review article, it will be supportive for researchers interested in LB investigation of PEM fuel cells.