The effect of aluminium-stress and exogenous spermidine on chlorophyll degradation, glutathione reductase activity and the photosystem II D1 protein gene (psbA) transcript level in lichen Xanthoria parietina

Polyamines are important in protecting plants against abiotic stresses, such as osmotic shock, drought, metal stress and UV irradiation, because of their roles in osmotic adjustment, maintenance of membrane stability and free-radical scavenging.