Comparative phytochemical and morphological analyses of three Italian Primula species

Vacuolar and epicuticolar flavonoids were studied. Isorhamnetin 3-O-(2,6-di-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) (1) and kaempferol 3-O-(2-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-6-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside) (2) together with eight known flavonoids were isolated from Primula auricula, Primula daonensis and Primula hirsuta. Phytochemical results with size and dimensional ratio of the leaf trichomes were used to characterise Primula species.