Efficient ball-mill procedure in the 'green' asymmetric aldol reaction organocatalyzed by (S)-proline-containing dipeptides in the presence of water

The organocatalytic activity of (S)-proline-based dipeptides 1a-c has been evaluated in the asymmetric aldol reaction between representative ketones with various aromatic aldehydes under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill. In particular, the methyl ester of (S)-proline-(S)-tryptophan, (S,S)-1c, proved to be an efficient organocatalyst, and the aldol reaction proceeded with good chemical yields and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity (up to 98:2 anti/syn dr and up to 98% ee), in the presence of water, and 5 mol % of benzoic acid as additive.