Modifications of DCDHF single molecule fluorophores to impart water solubility

A series of dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran (DCDHF) fluorophores with different hydrophilic groups were synthesized and their photophysical properties and water solubilities were measured. Significant water solubility was achieved without compromising desirable photophysical properties, permitting applications of these fluorophores in biological systems.

A dicarboxylic acid substituted DCDHF dye (left two vials) and a sulfonic acid substituted DCDHF dye (right two vials) in liquid water (l) and ice (s) under UV irradiation.