Current and wave effects around windfarm monopile foundations

For orthogonal currents and waves, a velocity parameter was calculated as the mean current plus wave orbital velocity, resolved. With the mean current direction as a reference, the maximum flow was observed at the side of the pile. At 0.75 D from the pile centre, the flow was enhanced by up to 1.2 times the no-pile case. Spectral peaks in the velocity were evident at both wave frequency and at the Strouhal frequency, immediately down current from the pile.