A combined numerical-experimental approach to analyze cross flow problems in the entrance channel: A case study of Lanshan Port, China

- A combined numerical-experimental approach to analyze cross flow problems in the entrance channel was proposed.
- The physical model provided us with reliable design solutions for cross flow problems.
- The 2D numerical model can be used to aid the design of the physical model.
- The proposed approach may effectively reduce the cost of the physical model study.

The present study combines numerical and experimental approaches to investigate cross flow problems in the entrance channel of a harbor. The combined numerical-experimental approach is illustrated by an application to Lanshan Port (Shandong, China) where large tidal ranges and a newly planned harbor layout may give rise to strong cross flow in the entrance channel of the planned harbor. The resulting flow field with the numerical prediction shows that the layout of newly planned harbor has a major impact on the cross flow speeds in the entrance channel. This will affect the navigation safety of ship entering or leaving the harbor. A corresponding protective scheme related to breakwaters was put forward. A series of physical model experiments under the given flow provided by the numerical approach, were conducted to design the length and crest elevation of a previously proposed breakwater. Results from a series of laboratory model tests show a significant reduction of flow velocities across the entrance channel with longer breakwater length and higher crest elevation. However, a longer or higher breakwater obviously can expand the cross flow influenced zone into the entrance channel. The acceptable breakwater length and crest elevation were determined by taking account the maximum cross flow speed and cross flow influenced zone in addition to the construction cost.