Investigation of the influence of geomechanical and hydrogeological properties on surface uplift at In Salah

Coupled reservoir and geomechanical simulations are significantly important to understand the long-term behavior of geologic carbon storage (GCS) systems. In this study, we performed coupled fluid flow and geomechanical modeling of CO2 storage using available field data to (1) validate our existing numerical model and (2) perform parameter estimation via inverse modeling to identify the impact of key geomechanical (Young's modulus and Biot's coefficient) and hydrogeological (permeability and anisotropy ratio) properties on surface uplift and the pore pressure buildup at In Salah in Algeria. Two sets of surface uplift data featuring low and high uplifts above two injection wells and the maximum change in the pore pressure due to CO2 injection were used to constrain the inverse model. Forward simulation results with representative parameter values from the literature match both low and high surface uplifts reasonably well and predicted the maximum change in the pore pressure. In particular, forward modeling results with estimated Biot's coefficients for reservoir and caprock layers, match the observed uplift well, highlighting the significance of Biot's coefficient in coupled reservoir and geomechanical models. Parameter estimation with 12 parameter sets for both low and high uplift data demonstrates that multiple sets of parameters can match the observed data equally well and the inclusion of the pore pressure data is critically important to constrain the parameter solution during inverse modeling. For a majority of cases, estimation results for both low and high uplift data show the vertical intrinsic permeability and Young's modulus of the reservoir remained close to 13 mD (1.3×10−14 m2) and 10 GPa, respectively, suggesting that these parameters may represent the actual effective properties. Additionally, higher correlations between reservoir permeability and caprock's Biot's coefficient with high surface uplift data were observed consistently under the pore pressure constraint, suggesting the inclusion of the pore pressure constraint is required to estimate the proper values of coupled flow and geomechanical properties associated with different surface uplift data. Overall, this study suggests that given limited data, including Biot's coefficient, in addition to permeability and Young's modulus can enhance parameter estimation of the geomechanical response during GCS.