Brain fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET in dementia

The purpose of this article is to present a selective and concise summary of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in dementia imaging. FDG PET is used to visualize a downstream topographical marker that indicates the distribution of neural injury or synaptic dysfunction, and can identify distinct phenotypes of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. AD dementia shows hypometabolism in the parietotemporal association area, posterior cingulate, and precuneus. Hypometabolism in the inferior parietal lobe and posterior cingulate/precuneus is a predictor of cognitive decline from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD dementia. FDG PET may also predict conversion of cognitively normal individuals to those with MCI. Age-related hypometabolism is observed mainly in the anterior cingulate and anterior temporal lobe, along with regional atrophy. Voxel-based statistical analyses, such as statistical parametric mapping or three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection, improve the diagnostic performance of imaging of dementias. The potential of FDG PET in future clinical and methodological studies should be exploited further.