Cardiorenal acute kidney injury: Epidemiology, presentation, causes, pathophysiology and treatment

AKI may directly or indirectly produce an acute cardiac event and it can be associated to volume overload, metabolic acidosis and electrolytes disorders such as hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia; coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction and fibrosis have been also described in patients with AKI with consequent direct negative effects on cardiac performance