Are CuO nanoparticles effects on hemocytes of the marine scallop (Chlamys farreri) caused by particles and/or corresponding released ions?

Are CuO nanoparticles effects on hemocytes of the marine scallop (Chlamys farreri) caused by particles and/or corresponding released ions?

Database: Elsevier - ScienceDirect (ساینس دایرکت)
Journal: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety - Volume 139, May 2017, Pages 65-72

Xuemei Sun, Bijuan Chen, Bin Xia Bin Xia, Qian Han, Lin Zhu, Keming Qu,