Context-sensitive ecological momentary assessments; integrating real-time exposure measurements, data-analytics and health assessment using a smartphone application

- We tested the use of Context-Sensitive EMAs (CS-EMAs) in environmental research.
- Questionnaires were triggered based on exposure circumstances in real time.
- Using a CS-EMA based method was shown to be feasible.
- We discuss potential uses of CS-EMA in future environmental research.

IntroductionModern sensor technology makes it possible to collect vast amounts of environmental, behavioural and health data. These data are often linked to contextual information on for example exposure sources which is separately collected with considerable lag time, leading to complications in assessing transient and/or highly spatially variable environmental exposures. Context-Sensitive Ecological Momentary Assessments1 (CS-EMAs) could be used to address this. We present a case study using radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure as an example for implementing CS-EMA in environmental research.MethodsParticipants were asked to install a custom application on their own smartphone and to wear an RF-EMF exposimeter for 48 h. Questionnaires were triggered by the application based on a continuous data stream from the exposimeter. Triggers were divided into four categories: relative and absolute exposure levels, phone calls, and control condition. After the two days of use participants filled in an evaluation questionnaire.Results74% of all CS-EMAs were completed, with an average time of 31 s to complete a questionnaire once it was opened. Participants reported minimal influence on daily activities. There were no significant differences found between well-being and type of RF-EMF exposure.ConclusionsWe show that a CS-EMA based method could be used in environmental research. Using several examples involving environmental stressors, we discuss both current and future applications of this methodology in studying potential health effects of environmental factors.