Discrimination between acute and chronic decline of Central European forests using map algebra of the growth condition and forest biomass fuzzy sets: A case study

- We mapped basic types of forest decline in Central-European conditions.
- Forest decline types were defined through fuzzy logic.
- Vulnerable forests dominate over damaged forests in the Czech Republic.
- Acute forest decline dominates over chronic forest decline.

Forest decline is either caused by damage or else by vulnerability due to unfavourable growth conditions or due to unnatural silvicultural systems. Here, we assess forest decline in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) using fuzzy functions, fuzzy sets and fuzzy rating of ecosystem properties over a 1 × 1 km grid. The model was divided into fuzzy functions of the abiotic predictors of growth conditions (Fpred including temperature, precipitation, acid deposition, soil data and relative site insolation) and forest biomass receptors (Frec including remote sensing data, density and volume of aboveground biomass, and surface humus chemical data). Fuzzy functions were designed at the limits of unfavourable, undetermined or favourable effects on the forest ecosystem health status. Fuzzy sets were distinguished through similarity in a particular membership of the properties at the limits of the forest status margins. Fuzzy rating was obtained from the least difference of Fpred − Frec. Unfavourable Fpred within unfavourable Frec indicated chronic damage, favourable Fpred within unfavourable Frec indicated acute damage, and unfavourable Fpred within favourable Frec indicated vulnerability. The model in the 1 × 1 km grid was validated through spatial intersection with a point field of uniform forest stands. Favourable status was characterised by soil base saturation (BS) > 50%, BCC/Al > 1, Corg > 1%, MgO > 6 g/kg, and nitrogen deposition < 1200 mol (H+)/ha·year. Vulnerable forests had BShumus 46-60%, BCC/Al 9-20 and NDVI ≈ 0.42. Chronic forest damage occurs in areas with low temperatures, high nitrogen deposition, and low soil BS and Corg levels. In the Czech Republic, 10% of forests were considered non-damaged and 77% vulnerable, with damage considered acute in 7% of forests and chronic in 5%. The fuzzy model used suggests that improvement in forest health will depend on decreasing environmental load and restoration concordance between growth conditions and tree species composition.

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