Phosphinic acid functionalized carbon nanotubes for sensitive and selective sensing of chromium(VI)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been functionalized with a phosphinic acid derivative 'bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid' (PA/d). It has been achieved by treating the chlorinated SWCNTs with PA/d at 80 °C. Successful functionalization and different nanomaterial properties have been investigated by UV-vis-NIR, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, AFM and FE-SEM. PA/d conjugated SWCNTs (CNT-PA) are dispersible in some common organic solvents, e.g. CH2Cl2, DMF, CHCl3, and THF. The 'CNT-PA' complex was spin-casted on boron doped silicon wafer. Thus fabricated sensing electrode is demonstrated for sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing of chromium(VI) ions. A linear response is obtained over a wide range of Cr(VI) concentration (0.01-10 ppb). The sensor's sensitivity and the limit of detection are observed to be 35 ± 4 nA/ppb and 0.01 ppb, respectively. The practical utility of the proposed sensor is demonstrated by determining the Cr(VI) concentration in an industrial effluent sample and an underground water sample.