A new genus of Buchonomyiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber, with the phylogeny of the subfamily revisited

Among the eleven modern subfamilies of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae), Buchonomyiinae are the most primitive and considered to be the sister group to the rest of the chironomids. The subfamily is monotypic with a single genus Buchonomyia, including three Recent species from Europe, South-East Asia and Central America, and a single fossil species, B. succinea Seredszus and Wichard, 2002, from Baltic amber. The elusive nature of the larvae and pupae, who develop as parasites or are commensal of caddisfly larvae, means that records of recent Buchonomyiinae extremely rare. From the latest dated phylogeny of the Chironomidae, the Buchonomyiinae branched from the rest of the Chironomidae in the Early to Middle Jurassic. Here we present the oldest record of the subfamily Buchonomyiinae, from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber. The record is represented by a new genus Furcobuchonomyia, with a single species F. saetheri sp. nov. Bayesian analysis firmly places the new genus as the sister group to the rest of the Buchonomyiinae. Thus the discovery of this genus is shedding new light on the origin of the most basal group of the Chironomidae. A species level key to the subfamily is included.