Complement membrane attack complex formation and infectivity of Trichinella spiralis and T. nativa in rats

Rats readily become infected with Trichinella spiralis but are more resistant to T. nativa. We infected complement factor C6-deficient (C6−) rats and control (C6+) rats with T. spiralis and T. nativa to compare the effects of membrane attack complex on these parasites in vivo. The 2000 larvae infection dose per rat yielded 652 lpg (larvae per gram) in the C6− group and 608 lpg in the C6+ group with T. spiralis, whereas with T. nativa the corresponding figures were only 1.05 and 1.87 lpg. The difference between the Trichinella species was evident, but the infection intensity was unaffected by the C6 deficiency. When newborn larvae were incubated in C6-deficient and control rat sera for 24 h in vitro, no changes in viability were observed. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the musculature of cross-sectioned adults and certain stichocytes bound human complement factors C3, C8 and C9, but not C1q. Interestingly, the outermost layer of the cuticle and the newborn larvae did not show any binding activity. Similar findings were obtained with immunofluorescence microscopy of intact newborn larvae. These results indicate that both T. spiralis and T. nativa have efficient mechanisms to protect themselves against complement attack. The difference in infectivity for rats between the two species, however, is not due to a differential resistance to complement membrane attack complex.