Ivermectin (3.15%) long-acting formulations in cattle: Absorption pattern and pharmacokinetic considerations

Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug extensively used in veterinary medicine. The composition of the pharmaceutical preparation affects IVM absorption and its systemic availability. After the introduction of the first approved IVM formulation (propylene glycol/glycerol formal 60:40) used at 200 μg/kg, different pharmaceutical modifications have been assayed to extend IVM persistent endectocide activity. Recently, IVM 3.15% long-acting (IVM-LA) preparations to be administered at 630 μg/kg to cattle were introduced into the veterinary pharmaceutical market. The work reported here was designed to evaluate the comparative IVM absorption pattern and plasma concentration profiles obtained after subcutaneous administration of the classic pioneer IVM formulation (1%) and two different commercially available IVM-LA preparations (3.15%) to cattle. Twenty-eight Holstein heifers were divided in four experimental groups (n = 7) and treated subcutaneously as follows-Group A: IVM 1% given at 200 μg/kg, Group B: IVM 1% administered at 630 μg/kg, Group C: IVM-LA (A) injected at 630 μg/kg and Group D: IVM-LA (B) given at 630 μg/kg. Blood samples were taken between 0.5 and 90 days post-treatment and IVM plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. There were no differences in the persistence of IVM plasma concentrations after the administration of IVM 1% formulation at the two used dose levels (200 and 630 μg/kg). Higher peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and shorter mean residence time (MRT) were obtained for IVM 1% given at 630 μg/kg (Group B) compared to the treatments with both IVM-LA preparations. The IVM-LA (A) formulation showed a more extended absorption process than IVM-LA (B) preparation, which accounted for a longer persistence of detectable IVM plasma concentrations. The parasitological implications of the observed differences in peak plasma concentrations (Cmax values) and in the IVM concentration levels measured from day 20, and afterwards until day 90 post-treatment, between the different preparations assayed need to be elucidated. The characterization of the absorption patterns and kinetic behaviour obtained after injection of these novel long-acting formulations used at three times the therapeutic dose recommended for the classic IVM preparation in cattle is a further contribution to the field.