Ginsenoside Rd attenuates the inflammatory response via modulating p38 and JNK signaling pathways in rats with TNBS-induced relapsing colitis

► GRd possesses markedly protective effects on experimental colitis. ► GRd inhibits TNBS-induced proinflammatory cytokine release. ► P38 and JNK, but not ERK1/2, play important role in TNBS-induced relapsing colitis. ► GRd's protective effects are based on anti-inflammatory and pharmacokinetic properties of it.